Security

You need to be mindful that Sitecore PowerShell Extensions is a very sharp tool and while it can be leveraged to do great things, it can also be a vector of dangerous attacks if not secured properly. This is why we recommend that you do not install it on Content Delivery instances and if possible avoid deploying it on servers that face Internet altogether.
Installing SPE in internet facing (DMZ) scenarios is not recommend. Please avoid installing in the Content Delivery instances.
Security Policies
There are two main security policies to consider when using the SPE module:
Application Pool service account
Sitecore user account
Application Pool Service Account
The first policy relates to the Application Pool service account running in IIS. The Windows PowerShell runspace will have access to the local system via providers (i.e. FileSystem, Registry), and be managed through the Console or ISE. If the service account is capable of removing files from the root directory, then SPE can accomplish the same.
When using the IIS identities such as ApplicationPoolIdentity and NetworkService the scripts may have access to directories outside of the application such as the drive root; you should perform a due dilligence to make sure this is the case! You may also notice that the $HOME variable is empty; this is because only named service accounts have profiles.
The application pool service account can give SPE access to many features in the OS.
Sitecore User Account
The second policy relates to the Sitecore user account. The code executed through SPE operates within the privileges of the logged in user. Keep in mind that this can be bypassed just as can be done through the Sitecore API as PowerShell scripts can call the APIs that disable the Sitecore security.
Application Security
The following settings are configured under core:\content\Applications\PowerShell.
Feature
Visibility
PowerShell Console
sitecore\Developer (read)
PowerShell ISE
sitecore\Developer (read)
PowerShell ListView
sitecore\Sitecore Client Users (read)
PowerShell Runner
sitecore\Sitecore Client Users (read)
PowerShell Reports
No default settings. See here for instructions.
Note: The security is validated in each SPE application within the function OnLoad.
Menu Item Security
The following settings are configured under core:\content\Applications\Content Editor\Context Menues\Default\.
Feature
Visibility
Command State
Edit with ISE
sitecore\Developer (read)
Enabled when item template is PowerShell Script otherwise Hidden
Console
sitecore\Developer (read)
Enabled when user is admin or in the role sitecore\Sitecore Client Developing otherwise Hidden
Scripts
sitecore\Sitecore Limited Content Editor (deny read)
Enabled when the service and user are authorized to execute otherwise Hidden
Note: See the Interactive section on PowerShell Script Library and PowerShell Script items for visibility and enabled rules. To hide each feature you can change the security settings for the roles that should not see the menu.
Security Hardening
The following section outlines steps you can take to minimize the surface area for attack. The following topics describe how to manage security for interfaces and services for the various parts of the module.
Session Elevation
The interfaces bundled with the module provide convenient ways to interact with the Sitecore API. The module provides a User Account Control (UAC) feature akin to that of Microsoft Windows.
User Account Control
Let's have a look at the configurable features which make up the UAC.
Gate
The way in which scripts make their way into Sitecore through built-in interfaces. Includes the Console, ISE, and Content Editor via Item Saving.
Attribute
Description
name
built-in name for the gate
token
name of the token to use for the elevated session
Token
The object which expires after a predetermined time. These can be unique to each gate or shared.
Attribute
Description
name
unique string used for the gate token attribute
expiration
timespan used to determine the elevated session lifetime (hh:mm:ss)
elevationAction
action to perform when session elevation is triggered (allow, block, password)
Actions supported out of the box:
Allow - Always allow the session to run elevated without prompting the user for permission. This should never be used outside of a developer's machine.
Block - Always block the session from running elevated without prompting the user for permission.
Password - Prompt the user for a password before running the session elevated, unless an unexpired session is active.
Example: The following extends the token expiration to 10 minutes and blocks the use of the Console.
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<sitecore>
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  <powershell>
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    <userAccountControl>
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      <tokens>
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        <token name="Console">
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          <patch:attribute name="expiration">00:10:00</patch:attribute>
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          <patch:attribute name="elevationAction">Block</patch:attribute>
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        </token>
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        <token name="ISE">
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          <patch:attribute name="expiration">00:10:00</patch:attribute>
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        </token>
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        <token name="ItemSave">
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          <patch:attribute name="expiration">00:10:00</patch:attribute>
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        </token>
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      </tokens>
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    </userAccountControl>
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  </powershell>
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</sitecore>
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Gates with Password protection enabled prompt the user when no elevated session is available.
Elevate Session State
Note: If you are using Sitecore 9.1 or later with Identity Server, there is a configuration file that should be enabled.
Spe.IdentityServer.config
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<configuration xmlns:patch="http://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/" xmlns:role="http://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/role/" xmlns:security="http://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/security/">
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  <sitecore role:require="Standalone or ContentManagement" security:require="Sitecore">
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    <pipelines>
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      <owin.cookieAuthentication.validateIdentity>
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        <processor type="Sitecore.Owin.Authentication.Pipelines.CookieAuthentication.ValidateIdentity.ValidateSiteNeutralPaths, Sitecore.Owin.Authentication">
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          <siteNeutralPaths hint="list">
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            <!-- This entry corrects the infinite loop of ExecuteCommand in the SPE Console -->
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            <path hint="spe">/sitecore%20modules/PowerShell</path>
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          </siteNeutralPaths>
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        </processor>
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      </owin.cookieAuthentication.validateIdentity>
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    </pipelines>
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  </sitecore>
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</configuration>
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Content Editor
A Content Editor Warning is displayed when a PowerShell Module, Script Library, and Script is selected. Click "Elevate session" to show the hidden fields and enable the management of the item.
Elevate session
The "Drop session" option appears after credentials are verified. All scripts can be edited while the session is elevated.
Drop session
ISE
A warning is presented in the ISE when no elevated session state is available.
Elevated session state required
The following warning is rendered in the ISE while the session state is elevated. Click "Drop elevated session state" if you do not want to wait for the elevated session to timeout.
Drop elevated session state
Configure Web Services
The web services providing external access to Sitecore are disabled by default. You can override this behavior by patching the following configuration file \App_Config\Include\Spe.config.
Look for the following section and enable as needed.
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<sitecore>
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  <powershell>
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    <services>
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      <restfulv1 enabled="false" />
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      <restfulv2 enabled="false" />
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      <remoting enabled="false" />
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      <fileDownload enabled="false" />
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      <fileUpload enabled="false" />
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      <mediaDownload enabled="false" />
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      <mediaUpload enabled="false" />
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      <handleDownload enabled="true" />
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      <client enabled="true" />
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      <execution enabled="true" />
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    </services>
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  </powershell>
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</sitecore>
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Service Descriptions
Remoting - Used when passing scripts to SPE for execution. Enable when using the SPE Remoting module. Service associated with RemoteAutomation.asmx.
RESTful v2 - Used when the url contains all the information needed to execute a script saved in the SPE library. Service associated with RemoteScriptCall.ashx.
Required for the following features: PowerShell Web API.
File Download - Used when the url contains all the information needed to download a file from the server. Enable when using the SPE Remoting module. Service associated with RemoteScriptCall.ashx.
File Upload - Used when the url contains all the information needed to upload a file to the server. Enable when using the SPE Remoting module. Service associated with RemoteScriptCall.ashx.
Media Download - Used when the url contains all the information needed to download a media item from the server. Enable when using the SPE Remoting module. Service associated with RemoteScriptCall.ashx.
Media Upload - Used when the url contains all the information needed to upload a media item to the server. Enable when using the SPE Remoting module. Service associated with RemoteScriptCall.ashx.
Handle Download - Used when a file is downloaded through the Sitecore interface. Enable when using the SPE Remoting module. Service associated with RemoteScriptCall.ashx.
Required for the following features: Out-Download command.
Client - Used for the SPE Console. Service associated with PowerShellWebService.asmx.
Required for the following features: PowerShell Console, PowerShell ISE, 
Execution - Used when SPE checks if the user has access to run the application.
Required for the following features: Download File dialog, PowerShell Script Runner, Content Editor (Context Menu, Insert Options, Ribbon). 
RESTful v1 - Used in early version of SPE. Avoid using this if possible. Service associated with RemoteScriptCall.ashx.
The preferred way to override the settings is through the use of a configuration patch file.
Example: The following enables the file and media downloads.
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<configuration xmlns:patch="https://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/">
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  <sitecore>
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    <powershell>
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      <services>
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        <fileDownload>
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          <patch:attribute name="enabled">true</patch:attribute>
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        </fileDownload>
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        <mediaDownload>
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          <patch:attribute name="enabled">true</patch:attribute>
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        </mediaDownload>
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      </services>
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    </powershell>
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  </sitecore>
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</configuration>
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Example: The following enables the SPE Remoting service and requires a secure connection using HTTPS.
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<configuration xmlns:patch="https://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/">
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  <sitecore>
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    <powershell>
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      <services>
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        <remoting>
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          <patch:attribute name="requireSecureConnection">true</patch:attribute>
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          <patch:attribute name="enabled">true</patch:attribute>
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        </remoting>
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      </services>
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    </powershell>
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  </sitecore>
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</configuration>
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Note: When using the attribute requireSecureConnection, you may find that this causes a 403 status code when testing against a server hosted behind a load balancer. If the load balancer maintains the TLS certificate and forwards traffic to a backend web server over port 80 .Net will not recognize this as a secure connection.
Restrict Users and Roles
Sitecore level security
You are required to explicitly grant the SPE Remoting session user account to a predefined role found in the configuration Spe.config. There is a generic list of permissions configured by default but we highly encourage you to adjust to meet your security requirements.
Example: The following configuration defines the roles that have access to use SPE Remoting. Any role previously defined in the <authorization/> section is removed and custom roles are then added.
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<configuration xmlns:patch="https://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/">
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  <sitecore>
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    <powershell>
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      <services>
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        <remoting>
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          <authorization>
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            <patch:delete />
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          </authorization>
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          <authorization>
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            <add Permission="Allow" IdentityType="Role" Identity="sitecore\PowerShell Extensions Remoting" />
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          </authorization>
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        </remoting>
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      </services>
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    </powershell>
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  </sitecore>
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</configuration>
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Example: The following configuration grants access to custom roles without removing any existing roles.
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<configuration xmlns:patch="https://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/">
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  <sitecore>
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    <powershell>
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      <services>
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        <remoting>
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          <patch:attribute name="enabled">true</patch:attribute>
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          <authorization>
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            <add Permission="Allow" IdentityType="User" Identity="sitecore\test1"  desc="test1" />
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            <add Permission="Allow" IdentityType="User" Identity="sitecore\test2"  desc="test2" />
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          </authorization>
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        </remoting>
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      </services>
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    </powershell>
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  </sitecore>
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</configuration>
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IIS level security
Deny access to the web services for unauthenticated users and roles using the <deny> element as described here in sitecore modules\PowerShell\Services\web.config.
Example: The following configuration will deny anonymous calls to the web services.
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<configuration>
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    <system.web>
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      <authorization>
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        <deny users="?" />
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      </authorization>
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    </system.web>
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</configuration>
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If you disable Anonymous Authentication and enable Windows Authentication in IIS, such as the directory sitecore modules\PowerShell\Services\ you'll need to use the Credential parameter for any command that interacts with the services. See the Remoting section for examples.
Minimal Web Service Configuration
The following files are the bare minimum required to support SPE web services. This setup is suitable for environments such as servers built within a Continuous Integration environment that need remoting enabled. Remoting is disabled by default. If you need this functionality, enable it separately using a config patch file.
Required:
App_Config\Include\Spe\Spe.config
App_Config\Include\Spe\Spe.Minimal.config
bin\Spe.dll
bin\Spe.Abstractions.dll
sitecore modules\PowerShell\Services\web.config
sitecore modules\PowerShell\Services\RemoteAutomation.asmx
sitecore modules\PowerShell\Services\RemoteScriptCall.ashx
You will also need to patch the configuration with the following:
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<configuration xmlns:patch="https://www.sitecore.net/xmlconfig/">
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    <sitecore>
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        <controlSources>
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            <source mode="on" namespace="Spe.Client.Controls" assembly="Spe">
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                <patch:delete />
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            </source>
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            <source mode="on" namespace="Spe.Client.Applications"
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                  folder="/sitecore modules/Shell/PowerShell/" deep="true">
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                <patch:delete />
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            </source>
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        </controlSources>
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    </sitecore>
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</configuration>
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For your convenience we've included a package bundled with all of the above called SPE Minimal-4.x for Sitecore x.zip. Any of the disabled configuration files should be enabled following extraction.
References
​Shields Down Example​
Remoting
Users and Roles
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Contents
Security Policies
Application Pool Service Account
Sitecore User Account
Security Hardening
Session Elevation
Configure Web Services
Restrict Users and Roles
Minimal Web Service Configuration
References